Resumen
Background
Menopause increases women's cardiovascular (CV) risk. This risk has been attributed primarily to age and other CV risk factors (CVRF) onset in this period. The study's main objective was to determine the association between menopause and CV risk (determined by CVRF burden).
Methods
Cross-sectional study in 620 women (35 to 70 years old), representing 1,462,807 women (after expansion factors). A questionnaire was conducted on demographic history, CVRF, physical activity, and depressive symptoms. Menopause was defined as the absence of menstruation for 12 months. The prevalence of the following CVRFs was evaluated: 1) hypertension, 2) diabetes, 3) obesity, 4) dyslipidemia, 5) active smoking, 6) depression and 7) sedentary lifestyle. A logistic regression model (model 1, crude), adjusted for age (model 2), adjusted for age and educational level (NEDU) (model 3) or age and socioeconomic status (SES) (model 4), was carried out to determine the probability of having a load ≥ 4 CVRF, and whether NEDU or NSE modified the effect of menopause on the aggregation of CVRF.
Results
57.1% (354 women) qualified as postmenopausal (mean age 56.7 ± 7.6 years). Hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and sedentary lifestyle were significantly higher in postmenopausal women. Pre- and postmenopausal women presented a substantial burden of CVRF (median = 3). However, the probability of adding 4 or more CVRFs was significantly higher in postmenopausal women. In model 1, menopause almost tripled the probability of burden ≥ 4 CVRF (OR = 2.91, p < 0.01). Model 2 showed a slight loss of power, maintaining significance for a higher CVRF burden with menopause (OR = 2.05, p < 0.01). In model 3, menopause remained a determining factor (OR = 2.02, p < 0.01). Adjustment for age + SES showed similar results (OR= 2.05, p < 0.01). No interaction of variables was demonstrated; that is, NEDU or NSE did not modify the effect of menopause.
Conclusion
This study demonstrates that menopause is a significant modifying factor of the burden of CVRF in women, independent of age, NEDU, and SES. The results emphasize the importance of a healthy lifestyle in premenopausal and early screening for CVRF in postmenopausal women.
Menopause increases women's cardiovascular (CV) risk. This risk has been attributed primarily to age and other CV risk factors (CVRF) onset in this period. The study's main objective was to determine the association between menopause and CV risk (determined by CVRF burden).
Methods
Cross-sectional study in 620 women (35 to 70 years old), representing 1,462,807 women (after expansion factors). A questionnaire was conducted on demographic history, CVRF, physical activity, and depressive symptoms. Menopause was defined as the absence of menstruation for 12 months. The prevalence of the following CVRFs was evaluated: 1) hypertension, 2) diabetes, 3) obesity, 4) dyslipidemia, 5) active smoking, 6) depression and 7) sedentary lifestyle. A logistic regression model (model 1, crude), adjusted for age (model 2), adjusted for age and educational level (NEDU) (model 3) or age and socioeconomic status (SES) (model 4), was carried out to determine the probability of having a load ≥ 4 CVRF, and whether NEDU or NSE modified the effect of menopause on the aggregation of CVRF.
Results
57.1% (354 women) qualified as postmenopausal (mean age 56.7 ± 7.6 years). Hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and sedentary lifestyle were significantly higher in postmenopausal women. Pre- and postmenopausal women presented a substantial burden of CVRF (median = 3). However, the probability of adding 4 or more CVRFs was significantly higher in postmenopausal women. In model 1, menopause almost tripled the probability of burden ≥ 4 CVRF (OR = 2.91, p < 0.01). Model 2 showed a slight loss of power, maintaining significance for a higher CVRF burden with menopause (OR = 2.05, p < 0.01). In model 3, menopause remained a determining factor (OR = 2.02, p < 0.01). Adjustment for age + SES showed similar results (OR= 2.05, p < 0.01). No interaction of variables was demonstrated; that is, NEDU or NSE did not modify the effect of menopause.
Conclusion
This study demonstrates that menopause is a significant modifying factor of the burden of CVRF in women, independent of age, NEDU, and SES. The results emphasize the importance of a healthy lifestyle in premenopausal and early screening for CVRF in postmenopausal women.
| Título traducido de la contribución | "Menopausia": factor significativo e independiente de una mayor carga de facgores de riesgo en una ciudad latinoamericana |
|---|---|
| Idioma original | Inglés estadounidense |
| Estado | Publicada - 2024 |
Áreas temáticas de ASJC Scopus
- Medicina General